Introduction
Abnormal heart sounds are called cardiac murmurs or bruits. The abnormal sounds are produced because of the change in the pattern of blood flow. Normally, blood flows in stream line through heart or the blood vessels. However, during the abnormal conditions like valvular diseases, the blood flow becomes turbulent. This produces the cardiac murmurs.

The prime function of immune system is to protect the host against the invading pathogens. The body tries its best to overcome various strategies of infectious agents (bacteria, viruses), and provides immunity. Some of the important immunological aspects in human health and disease are briefly described.

The Human Genome Project is a large international effort aimed at determining the sequence of the entire human genome of 3,200,000,000 base pair. But it is much more. Other aims include the creation of physical and genetic maps of the genome, sequencing the genomes of model organisms, developing technology for sequencing and informatics for understanding […]

Germ-cell tumors
Patients presenting with a lump in the testes or a malignancy of unknown origin should have plasma (AFP) and (hCG) measured. If raised due to secretion by the tumor, these measurements can also be used to monitor treatment. However, only about 75% of non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors and a minority of patients with seminoma or […]